Grammar+Terms+1

=**Grammar Terms Review for Honors 12 **=

A **phrase** is a group of related words that **__does not__** contain both a subject and a predicate or may function as a subject or a predicate in a sentence; this group of related words also does not express a complete thought.

A clause is a group of words that **__does__** contain a subject and a predicate. If it does not express a complete thought it is known as a **dependent clause** and if it does express a complete thought it is known as an **independent clause.**

A **coordinating conjunction** (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) is used to join two independent clauses. When a conjunction is used properly, a coordinating conjunction forms a **compound sentence**. A comma in this situation is placed before the coordinating conjunction.


 * **Example: ** Knowing grammatical rules is beneficial, but understanding how to apply grammatical concepts in writing and speech is even more essential.

You do not need a comma after a conjunction if its function is to create a compound noun or a compound predicate.


 * **Example **: Knowing grammatical rules and understanding how to apply them will benefit you.

When a **coordinating conjunction** (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) is used to join two independent clauses (without a subordinating conjunction), a **compound sentence** is formed. (See first example above.)

When two independent clauses are run together as one sentence without a subordinating conjunction, this is called a **run-on sentence**. When a comma is placed between these independent clauses, this error is called a **comma splice**.


 * Example of comma splice error: ** Knowing grammatical rules is beneficial, understanding how to apply grammatical concepts in writing and speech is even more essential.

A **subordinating conjunction** is a word that is added to a clause that makes it __dependent__. Because it is dependent, it cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence. It must be joined with another independent clause. Take a look at the sentence structure of what you just read:

“Because it is independent” – This part of the sentence is a dependent clause. __The subordinating word here is because__. If you took away the word “because” you would have a subject, a predicate, and a complete thought. Adding the subordinating word changes the nature of the clause. By combining a dependent clause with an independent clause,

When a dependent and an independent clause are joined using a subordinating conjunction, **a complex sentence** sentence is formed. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Words like //when, although, since, while, because,// and //after// are examples of **subordinating conjunctions**. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">When combining clauses, writers sometimes make mistakes by incorrectly separating independent clauses. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">You have several options when you encounter a run-on sentence: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Often conjunctive adverbs are used to show close relationships between clauses; however, __a semicolon is required before the conjunctive adverb when it is used to join to independent clauses.__ In addition, note in the examples below that a comma comes after the conjunctive adverb. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">A **conjunctive adverb** is a word or phrase that indicates the relationship between clauses it joins but is usually weightier and more emphatic than a conjunction. Conjunctive adverbs specify one of the following relations:
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Some Common Subordinating Conjunctions ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">Sub= under **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">A subordinate clause is dependent. It cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Time  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">when, whenever, after, under, before   ||^   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Place  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">where, wherever   ||^   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cause / Effect  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">because, since, so that   ||^   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Condition  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">if, unless, if only   ||^   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Contrast  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">although, even though   ||^   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Use end punctuation to completely separate the independent clauses into separate sentences.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Use a semi-colon to separate closely related independent clauses.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Use a coordinating conjunction and a comma to join the two independent clauses (FANBOYS)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">addition  ||  //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">besides, furthermore, moreover, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">or //in addition//   || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">The general had complete confidence in his soldiers’ training and valor; furthermore, he considered his battle plan a work of genius. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">likeness  ||  //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">likewise, similarly, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">or //in the same way//   || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">Many young Englishmen condemned the English war against France in the 1790’s; likewise, many young Americans condemned the American war against Vietnam in the 1960’s. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">contrast  ||  //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">however, nevertheless, still, nonetheless, conversely, otherwise, instead, instead, in contrast, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">or //on the other had//   || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">Einstein’s theory of relativity was largely a product of speculation; however, experiments made within the last fifty years have confirmed its basic points. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">cause-and-effect  ||  //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, as a result, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">or //for this reason//   || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">Carl spent too many nights going to parties his first semester in college; for this reason, he missed more classes than he should have. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">means-and-end  ||  //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">thus, thereby, by this means, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">or //in this manner//   || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">When our guinea pigs became listless, we took them to the veterinarian; thus, we were able to avert their illness before it became too grave. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">reinforcement  ||  //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">for example, for instance, in fact, in particular, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">or //indeed//   || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">Her son hates tee-ball; in fact, he hates it so much that he walked from third base during his last game of the season and stomped on home plate. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Time  ||  //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">meanwhile, then, subsequently, afterward, earlier, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">and //later//   || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif';">We went to the History Center last weekend; afterward, we went stopped to see the marker that denotes the start of Lewis and Clark’s journey on the river. ||


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Remember, when you use semicolons to join independent clauses, they should be closely related clauses. Do not overuse the semicolon! **